第一章 动词的时态
动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态。动作和状态的发生有一定的时间和表现方式，这就
是英语中动词的时态。英语中动词的时态主要由动词的不同形式来表示。以下 10 种时态必
须掌握。
一、一般现在时
形式：do/ does/ am/ is/ are
用法：表示真理、客观存在及自然现象 Shanghai lies in the east of China.
表示经常性、习惯性的动作 He watches TV every day.
表示拟定、安排好的动作 Our train leaves at 9 a.m.
二、一般过去时
形式：did/was/were
用法：表示过去发生的事或者状态 They were in Shanghai last week.
表示过去经常或反复发生的动作 He always worked into night those days.
三、一般将来时
形式：will/ shall do, be going to do, be to do, be about to do
用法：表示将要发生或者要做的事情 I will go to visit him next week.
四、过去将来时
形式：would do
用法：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 I didn’t know if he would
come.
五、现在进行时
形式：am/is/are doing
用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作 She is writing a letter upstairs.
表示现阶段持续进行的动作 We are making model planes these days.
表示即将要发生的事情 Where are you going tomorrow?
六、过去进行时
形式：was/ were doing
用法：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 We were having supper when the phone rang.
表示过去某一时间段内一直持续进行的动作 We were expecting you yesterday.
七、将来进行时
形式：shall/will be+doing
用法：表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作 At this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the
beach.
八、现在完成时
形式：have/has done, have/has been
用法：表示过去的动作对现在仍有影响 Have you heard from him recently?
表示过去的动作一直持续到现在 Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the
past ten years.
九、过去完成时
形式：had done, had been
用法：动作在过去的某个时刻之前就已经发生 They had already had breakfast before they
arrived at the hotel.
十、现在完成进行时
形式：has/have been doing
用法：表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在（这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在进
行），不少情况下表示现有的状态，有时表示动作的重复等。
Since the lunar New Year, the number of bikes has been growing rapidly.
第二章 被动语态
一、基本概念
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动
语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语
动词所表示的动作的承受者。被动语态的形式为“助动词 be及物动词的过去分词”，其中
助动词 be 随着人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化，后面常用 by 引出动作的执行者。含有
情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
二、常用时态的被动语态
时态 动词形式 例 句
一般现在时 is/am/are +过去分词 Rice is grown in the south of the states.
The building of a new car factory was agreed
一般过去时 was/were+过去分词
on last month.
一般将来时 will/shall be +过去分词 Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
The workers told me that the car would be
过去将来时 would be +过去分词
mended as soon as possible.
现在进行时 is/am/are +being+过去分词 The rooms are being painted.
Trees were being planted here this time last
过去进行时 was/were+being+过去分词
year.
现在完成时 has/have been +过去分词 The price has been brought down.
过去完成时 had been+过去分词 He had been considered to be a great leader.
第三章 定语从句
一、基本概念
在复合句中，作定语修饰名词、代词或句子的从句，叫做定语从句。它所修饰的名词、
代词或句子叫做先行词；连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。
二、定语从句-关系代词的用法
在复合句中，作定语修饰名词、代词或句子的从句，叫做定语从句。它所修饰的名词、
代词或句子叫做先行词。根据定语从句与先行词的关系紧密程度不同，可将定语从句分为限
制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
从句类型 用法 关系词 例句
限制性定 对先行词起限制作用，是先行词 that、which、 People who take physical
语从句 不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主 who、whom、 exercise live longer.
句的意义就会不完整、不明确或 whose、when、 进行体育锻炼的人活得
失去意义；与主句关系密切，书 where、why、 长些。
写时不用逗号与主句隔开。 as
非限制性 只对先行词起补充说明的作用， which、who、 His daughter, who is in
定语从句 和主句关系不是很密切，即使去 whom、whose、 Boston now, is coming
掉，主句的意思仍然清晰；往往 when、where、 home next week.
用逗号与主句隔开；不能用 that as 他女儿现在在波士顿，下
引导，关系代词作宾语时也不能 星期回家。
省略。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替前面的先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语等，其用法具体如下：
关系代词 指代 作用 例句
which 物、句子 主语、宾语 The work which has just been finished is very
important.
that 人、物 主语、宾语 I know a foreigner that is from Japan.
This is the pen (that) I wrote the letter with.
who 人 主语、宾语 She is the girl who lives next door.
The people (who) we met in France have sent us
a card.
whom 人 宾语 I happened to meet the professor (whom) I got to
know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.
whose 人、物 定语 This is the house whose window broke last night.
as 人、 物或 主语、宾语、 He is not the same man as he was. (as 在从句中
事 表语 作表语)
易错提示：
（1）that 只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。
（2）在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可
省略。
三、定语从句-关系副词
当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。
关系副词 指代 作用 例句
when 时间 状语 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
where 地点 Can you tell me the office where he works?
why 原因 Do you know the reason why he was late?
四、限制性定语从句的特殊情况
(1) 关系代词作动词的间接宾语时，用 to 或 for。
例：Who is the girl that he gave the flower to?
无关系代词时，也要用 to 或 for。
例：The lady I wrote the poem for was my sister.
(2) 正式英语中，介词可置于从句之首，whom 或 which 之前。
例：This is the great writer to whom our teacher was referring.
注意：介词不可置于 who 或 that 之前。
(3) 宾语从句的谓语如果是以介词结尾的短语动词，则不可把介词移至从句之首。
例：He received the email he was looking forward to.
(4) that 和 which 的区别，参考 that 的“四用二不用”原则。
四用：
(1) 先行词为形容词最高级、序数词、all、much、little、few 或被形容词最高级、序数
词、all、much、little、few、the very、the only 等修饰时。
例：This train is the first (one) that will go to Suzhou.
(2) 先行词为不定代词 anything, everything, nothing 时。
例：Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?
(3) 先行词既有人又有物时。
例：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
(4) 先行词是疑问代词 which、who 或主句以这些词开头时。
例：Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him?
二不用：
(1) 逗号后面不用 that。
例：He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.
(2) 介词后面不用 that。
例：This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
五、定语从句做题技巧
确定从句完整性； 不完整选用关系代词； 从句完整，选用关系副词或介词
+which/whom。来源：高三答案公众号
第四章 状语从句
一、定义
状语从句指用在句子中起状语作用的句子。根据英语中状语的分类，我们将状语从句分
为九种：时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较状语从句。
二、连接词
时间状语从句: when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, till, until 等
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
地点状语从句: where, wherever 等
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
原因状语从句: because, since, as, now that 等
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
目的状语从句: so that, in order that, for fear that 等
She burned the letters so that her husband would never read them.
结果状语从句: so, so...that..., such...that..., so that 等
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
条件状语从句: if, unless, in case 等
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
让步状语从句: although, though, even if, even though, while 等
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
比较状语从句: so(as)...as, than, the more..., the more...等
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
方式状语从句: as, as if, as though 等
She behaved as if she were the boss.
三、状语从句选择关系词的公式
判断主从句是否完整，如果完整即为状语从句（no matter +疑问代词，疑问代词+ever
引导的让步状语从句除外）。
根据句意和关系词的意思和功能选择合适的关系词。
第五章 名词性从句
一、基本概念
名词性从句顾名思义相当一个名词，它在句子中的功能相当于一个名词。它包括主语从
句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。所有的名词性从句都必须有关系词（或引导词），
当然，在不产生歧义的情况下有时可以将其省略。
二、连接词
that，whether，if
My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o’clock tomorrow morning.
I don’t care whether/if he will leave or stay.
Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.
所有的特殊疑问词（who，whom，what，which，whose，when，where，how，why）
Why he is often absent from class is a mystery.
What they need is a good textbook.
I have no idea who will help us out.
It all depends on how we solve the problem.
特殊关系词：特殊疑问词+ever (whoever, whatever, however, whichever, whomever,
wherever), because
Whoever did this job must be rewarded.
It doesn’t matter to be whichever you chose.
三、解题技巧
根据句子结构和意思判断从句在主句中所处的位置。
主语位置：主语从句；
宾语位置：宾语从句；
表语位置：表语从句；
主句不缺成分：同位语从句。
看从句是否缺少成分。
不缺成分：根据句意用 that, whether 或 if.
缺少主语：如果指代人用 who, 不指代人用 what；
缺少宾语：如果指代人用 whom，不指代人用 what；
缺少表语：如果指代人用 who，不指代人用 what；缺时间用 when；缺地点用 where；缺方
式/程度用 how。
同样，如果语气较强或泛指可以用特殊疑问词+ever 系列关系词。
第六章 非谓语动词
非谓语动词，顾名思义，是不能作谓语的动词，分为动词-ing，过去分词和不定式。
形式 一般式 进行式 完成式 一般语法功能
不定式 to do to be doing to have done 表示目的或将来
动词-ing doing / having done 表示主动或进行
过去分词 done 表示被动或完成
一、动词-ing 形式
(1) 动词-ing 有如下形式变化：
主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
Having been told about the risk of electric shocks, she is very careful while using hairdryers.
（完成式被动式）
此外，动词-ing 形式的否定式是在前面加 not 构成，如：
Is there any reason for not having the first-aid training this week？（否定式）
(2) 动词-ing 形式前面有时可加名词所有格、物主代词或人称代词宾格，如：
I hope you don’t mind my saying that.
He said nothing about us losing the game.
(3) 动词-ing 形式用作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致，如：
（错误）While having a bath, water leaked over the sides of the tub.
（正确）While having a bath, she saw water leaking over the sides of the tub.
(4) 由 before、after、when、while 等引导的状语从句常常可以转换为对应的动词-ing
短语，如：
A minute ago, she fell down while she was trying to open the window.
A minute ago, she fell down while trying to open the window.
(5) 动词-ing 形式用作定语时，可以表示被修饰名词所具有的性质特征（此用法几乎等
同于形容词），也可表示正在进行的动作，或说明被修饰名词的用途。如：
a frightening experience（一次可怕的经历）
a swimming girl（一个正在游泳的女孩）
a swimming pool（一个游泳池）
二、过去分词
(1) 过去分词作定语、宾补
过去分词作定语，分为前置和后置两种情况。
a. 前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰词之前，表示被动和完成的意
思，此时过去分词具有形容词的特点，侧重永久性的状态或特点。
例：the fallen leaves 落叶 the polluted water 被污染的水
b. 过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
例：paintings painted by women=paintings that are painted by women
过去分词作宾语补足语。一般是及物动词的过去分词才能作宾语补足语，表示被动
或完成含义。当动词的宾语与宾补之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且动作已经完成时，需用过
去分词。
a. 过去分词用在感官动词 see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, observe, listen to 后作宾语
补足语。
例：I saw him beaten black and blue.
b. 过去分词用在 have/get 后作宾语补足语。
例：My hair is long and I will have it cut this afternoon.