目录
少保...............................................22
尚书...............................................22
一、人的称谓............................................9
学士...............................................23
直称姓名..............................................9
上卿...............................................23
称字......................................................9
大将军...........................................23
称号......................................................9
参知政事.......................................23
称谥号................................................10
军机大臣.......................................24
称绰号................................................10
军机章京.......................................24
称小名................................................10
御史...............................................24
称庙号................................................10
枢密使...........................................24
称年号................................................11
左徒...............................................25
称斋名................................................11
太尉...............................................25
称籍贯................................................11
上大夫...........................................25
称郡望................................................11
大夫...............................................25
称官名................................................11
士大夫...........................................26
称爵名................................................12
太史...............................................26
称官地................................................12
洗马...............................................26
几项兼称............................................12
长史...............................................27
谦辞....................................................13
侍郎...............................................27
敬辞....................................................15
侍中...............................................27
古代贱称............................................17
郎中...............................................27
特殊称谓............................................17
参军...............................................28
二、古代职官..........................................21
令尹...............................................28
官职名称............................................21
尹...................................................28
爵...................................................21
都尉...............................................28
丞相...............................................21
冏卿...............................................29
太师...............................................21
司马...............................................29
太傅...............................................22
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节度使...........................................29表格1星宿十二次分野.............39
经略使...........................................29表格2星宿列国、州分野.........40
刺史...............................................29昴宿...............................................41
太守...............................................30参（shn）商...............................41
都督...............................................30壁宿...............................................41
巡抚...............................................30流火...............................................42
抚军...............................................30北斗...............................................42
校尉...............................................31北极星...........................................42
教头...............................................31彗星袭月.......................................43
提辖...............................................31白虹贯日.......................................43
从事...............................................31运交华盖.......................................43
知府...............................................31月亮的别称...................................44
县令...............................................31东曦...............................................44
里正...............................................32天狼星...........................................45
里胥...............................................32老人星...........................................45
三省六部.......................................32牵牛织女.......................................45
官职的任免升降................................32银河...............................................45
表示任命、授予官职的。...........32文曲星...........................................46
表示提升官职的。.......................33天罡（gng）...............................46
表示降低、罢免官职的。...........34云气...............................................46
表示官职变化的。.......................34天文与占星...................................46
表兼代官职的词语.......................35古代历法知识....................................48
臣子自请辞官的。.......................36日、月、年...................................48
三、天文历法..........................................37中国历法.......................................48
古代天文知识....................................37二十四节气...................................48
宇宙结构学说...............................37四、古代地理..........................................59
精密的天文仪器...........................37中国...............................................59
七政...............................................38中华...............................................59
二十八宿和四象...........................38九州...............................................59
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赤县...............................................59山水阴阳.......................................65
中原...............................................60古称、别称...................................65
海内...............................................60五、科举制度..........................................67
四海...............................................60政策....................................................67
六合...............................................60学在官府.......................................67
八荒...............................................61百家争鸣.......................................67
江河...............................................61焚书坑儒.......................................68
西河...............................................61书同文...........................................69
江东...............................................61以吏为师.......................................69
江左...............................................62罢黜百家.......................................70
江表...............................................62科举制度.......................................70
江南...............................................62学校....................................................71
淮左...............................................62官学...............................................71
山东...............................................62私学...............................................71
关东...............................................62庠...................................................72
关西...............................................63序...................................................72
关中...............................................63瞽宗...............................................72
西域...............................................63辟雍...............................................73
岭峤...............................................63小学...............................................73
朔漠...............................................63大学...............................................73
百越...............................................63国子监...........................................74
五岳...............................................64书院...............................................75
京畿（j）..................................64精舍...............................................75
三辅...............................................64私塾...............................................75
三秦...............................................64老师....................................................76
郡...................................................64祭酒...............................................76
州...................................................65博士...............................................76
道...................................................65教授...............................................77
路...................................................65助教...............................................78
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山长...............................................78《中庸》.......................................88
学正...............................................78十三经...........................................88
西宾...............................................78《古文观止》...............................89
学生....................................................79《三字经》...................................89
童生...............................................79《百家姓》...................................89
秀才...............................................79《千字文》...................................90
监生...............................................79《龙文鞭影》...............................90
举人...............................................80《弟子规》...................................90
解元...............................................80《增广贤文》...............................91
贡士...............................................80《声律启蒙》...............................91
会元...............................................81《笠翁对韵》...............................91
同年...............................................81考试....................................................92
进士...............................................81进士科...........................................92
状元...............................................81童生试...........................................92
榜眼...............................................82县试...............................................92
探花...............................................82府试...............................................93
教材....................................................83院试...............................................93
五经...............................................83大比...............................................93
《诗经》.......................................83乡试...............................................93
《尚书》.......................................84会试...............................................94
《周易》.......................................84殿试...............................................94
《春秋》.......................................85贡院...............................................95
《仪礼》.......................................85八股文...........................................95
《周礼》.......................................85六、风俗礼仪..........................................97
《礼记》.......................................86五礼....................................................97
四书...............................................86宾礼....................................................97
《论语》.......................................87朝聘....................................................97
《孟子》.......................................87朝觐....................................................98
《大学》.......................................88政治礼仪............................................98
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祭天...............................................98坐.................................................106
祭地...............................................98座次.............................................106
封禅...............................................98左右.............................................107
宗庙之祭.......................................99东西.............................................107
对先师先圣的祭祀之礼...............99讳称..................................................108
相见礼.........................................100传统节日..........................................108
军礼.............................................100春节.............................................109
朝仪.............................................100元宵节.........................................113
生活礼仪..........................................101清明节.........................................116
诞生礼.........................................101端午节.........................................119
冠礼.............................................101七夕节.........................................121
笄礼.............................................101中秋节.........................................123
婚冠礼.........................................102重阳节.........................................124
六礼.............................................102其他不常见的传统节日.............126
飨燕饮食礼仪.............................102七、饮食器用........................................128
家祭.............................................103中国古典建筑的基本构成元素......128
牺牲.............................................103基.................................................128
祖道.............................................103柱.................................................128
斋戒.............................................103梁.................................................128
揖让.............................................104斗拱.............................................128
长揖.............................................104屋顶.............................................128
拱.................................................104影壁.............................................129
九拜.............................................104廊.................................................129
顿首.............................................105彩绘.............................................129
稽首.............................................105中国古代建筑的形态分类..............129
膜拜.............................................105城墙.............................................129
再拜.............................................105宫殿.............................................130
折腰.............................................106楼阁.............................................130
跪.................................................106亭.................................................130
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庙.................................................130雅乐..................................................139
寺.................................................130春江花月夜......................................139
道观.............................................131霓裳羽衣舞......................................139
坛.................................................131《十面埋伏》..................................140
塔.................................................131五射..................................................140
坊.................................................131文房四宝..........................................140
陵.................................................132书法..................................................141
园林.............................................132六书..................................................141
民居.............................................132永字八法..........................................141
传统建筑著作及匠人......................132阳文阴文..........................................142
中国的传统建筑著作.................132岁寒三友..........................................142
著名的匠人.................................133花中四君子......................................142
古代饮食器用..................................133九、文史典籍........................................143
五谷.............................................133史书基本概念..................................143
五牲.............................................133史官.............................................143
五味.............................................133正史、私史、野史.....................143
六畜.............................................134秉笔直书.....................................144
八珍.............................................134史书体例.....................................145
古代食器.....................................134考古学.........................................145
古代炊具.....................................135古文字学.....................................146
古代酒器.....................................136二十五史.....................................147
羹.................................................136相关书目..........................................147
脍炙.............................................136四书.............................................148
古代家具.....................................137五经.............................................148
八、音乐文娱........................................138六经.............................................148
五声..................................................138十三经.........................................148
宫调..................................................138《三字经》.................................149
十二律..............................................138《千字文》.................................149
俗乐..................................................139《千家诗》.................................149
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《唐诗三百首》.........................149类书..................................................156
《文选》.....................................150相关书目..........................................156
《古文观止》.............................150《太平御览》.............................156
《古文辞类纂》.........................150《永乐大典》.............................157
二十四史.....................................151《古今图书集成》.....................157
《史记》.....................................151丛书.............................................157
《资治通鉴》.............................151《四库全书》.............................157
《太平广记》..................................151《四部丛刊》.............................158
诗文集的命名方式..........................152《四部备要》.............................158
十、目录辞书........................................154《尔雅》.....................................158
古籍注释体例..................................154《说文解字》.............................159
传.................................................154《康熙字典》.............................159
注.................................................154《辞源》.....................................159
笺.................................................154《辞海》.....................................160
疏、正义.....................................154《中华大字典》.........................160
诠.................................................154《经传释词》.............................160
义疏.............................................155《文言虚字》.............................160
义训.............................................155
目录学..............................................155
经史子集..........................................156
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一、人的称谓
直称姓名
自称姓名或名。如“五步之内，相如请得以颈血溅大王矣”，、
“庐陵文天祥自序其诗”。
用于介绍或作传。如“遂与鲁肃俱诣孙权”“柳敬亭者，扬之
泰州人”。
称所厌恶、所轻视的人。如“不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献
谄于后”。
称字
古人幼时命名，成年（男20岁、女15岁）取字，字和名有意义
上的联系。字是为了便于他人称谓，对平辈或尊辈称字出于礼貌和尊
敬。如司马迁为司马子长，李白为李太白，杜甫为杜子美，韩愈为韩
退之等。
称号
号又叫别号、表号。名、字与号的根本区别是：前者由父亲或尊
长取定，后者由自己取定。号，一般只用于自称，以显示某种志趣或
抒发某种情感；对人称号也是一种敬称。如：陶潜号五柳先生，贺知
章晚年自号四明狂客，李白号青莲居士，杜甫号少陵野老，李商隐号
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玉溪生，欧阳修号醉翁、晚年又号六一居士，苏轼号东坡居士，辛弃
疾号稼轩，李清照号易安居士等。
称谥号
古代王侯将相、高级官吏、著名文士等死后被追加的称号叫谥号。
如欧阳修为欧阳文忠公，王安石为王文公，范仲淹为范文正公，左光
斗为左忠毅公。
称绰号
又叫外号或诨名，绰号一般根据某人的外貌、性格、行为等特征
而另起的“名字”。绰号有褒有贬，如李白外号“诗仙”，项羽绰号“西
楚霸王”等。
称小名
称呼对方小时候的名号，以示亲密或侮辱。如称呼曹操为“阿瞒”。
称庙号
始于西汉，止于清朝，是封建皇帝死后，在太庙立室奉祀时的名
号。一般开国的皇帝称祖，后继者称宗，如宋朝赵匡胤称太祖，其后
的赵光义称太宗。也有个别朝代前几个皇帝皆称祖，如明朝朱元璋称
太祖，其子朱棣称成祖。清朝福临（顺治）称世祖，玄烨（康熙）称
圣祖。
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称年号
年号是封建皇帝纪年的名号，由西汉武帝首创，他的第一个年
号为“建元”。以后每个朝代的每一个新君即位，必须改变年号，叫
做改元。
称斋名
指用斋号或室号来称呼。如南宋诗人杨万里的斋名为诚斋，人们
称其为杨诚斋；姚鼐因斋名为惜抱轩而被称为姚惜抱、惜抱先生。
称籍贯
以人的出生地命名，如唐代诗人孟浩然是襄阳人，故而人称孟襄
阳；张九龄是曲江人，故而人称张曲江；柳宗元是河东人，故而人称
柳河东；北宋王安石是江西临川人，故而人称王临川。
称郡望
“郡望”是“郡”与“望”的合称。“郡”是行政区划，“望”是
名门望族，“郡望”连用，即表示某一地域范围内的名门大族。如韩
愈虽系河内河阳人，但因昌黎韩氏为唐代望族，故韩愈常以“昌黎韩
愈”自称，世人遂称其为韩昌黎。
称官名
以人的官名来命名。把官名用作人的称谓在古代相当普遍，如称
贾谊为贾太傅；东晋大书法家王羲之官至右军将军，至今人们还称其
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